Q1 – 2021 – April 27, 2021
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Research California Workers’ Compensation COVID-19 Claim Volume Plummeted in February. The wave of COVID-19 claims that hit the California workers’ compensation system at the end of 2020 has subsided – at least for the time being – as the number of claims reported to the state Division of Workers’ Compensation (DWC) for February fell to the lowest level in a year and the projected ultimate claim count for February came in at 4,533 cases, down nearly 90 percent from the record 43,158 claims projected for December. The latest figures from the California Workers’ Compensation Institute’s COVID-19/Non-COVID-19 Interactive Application show that after surging to an all-time high in December, the monthly COVID-19 claim count fell by more than 50% in January, a decrease that coincided with the steep drop in new coronavirus cases in the state. Claim counts from December through February are still incomplete as additional claims for those months are still being reported, but the COVID-19 claim totals reported as of March 8 show that the DWC has recorded 40,188 claims with December injury dates and 19,493 claims with January injury dates, but just 2,747 COVID-19 claims with February injury dates. The addition of the February figure pushed the number of COVID-19 claims reported to the DWC since the pandemic began to 135,566, including 751 death claims. COVID-19 clams have accounted for just 9.0% of all claims reported thus far for February, though they have accounted for 18.8% of all claims since the first claims were reported in January of 2020. News Release (3/12/21) (public) California Workers’ Compensation Prescription Drug Trends. A CWCI Research Update Report provides new data on prescription drug utilization and reimbursement trends, based on 5.85 million prescriptions dispensed to California injured workers from 2011 through June 2020. The report looks at changes in the distribution of prescriptions and payments by therapeutic drug group; details opioid utilization trends for AY 2007 -2018 claims at 24 months post injury using four different metrics; and measures pre- and post-formulary shifts in the mix of prescription drugs and payments among the formulary’s Exempt, Non-Exempt, Not Listed, Special Fill, and Perioperative drug categories. CWCI Research Update (3/10/21) (public) Bulletin (3/10/21) (members only) News Release (3/10/21) (public) MTUS Formulary Interactive Data Tool. An online application that shows the breakdown of medications within each version of the MTUS Prescription Drug Formulary by formulary category: Exempt, Non-Exempt, Not Listed; Special Fill, and Perioperative drugs. Users can identify which drugs were added to or dropped from the formulary and when; easily find where more than 50 therapeutic drug groups and hundreds of specific drugs have been categorized; track changes in prescription and payment distributions among the formulary categories beginning with pre-formulary years (CY 2016 and 2017) and extending into the post-formulary years beginning with CY 2018; find the average wholesale price (AWP) and the average amount paid for specific drugs (by drug ingredient) over time; and view lists of the top 20 drugs by formulary category, broken out either by calendar year or by formulary version. Interactive App Update (3/10/21) (public) Calif WC COVID Claim Count Tops 131,000 With 700 Death Claims. CWCI’s COVID-19 App updated as of 2/22 showed COVID-19 claim volume in January fell nearly 54% from December, but the 18,144 claims w/January injury dates reported at that point still represented the second highest monthly total since the pandemic began, and CWCI projected there would ultimately be 43,879 claims for December and 24,132 for January. Even with the addition of the COVID-19 claims, the total number of WC claims projected for the pandemic period of March 2020 – January 2021 was down 4% from the comparable pre-pandemic baseline period (March 2019 – January 2020), but with the winter surge in COVID-19 claim numbers that pattern had shifted and claim volume from the 3 months ending in January 2021 surpassed the volume for those same months a year earlier, with projected volume coming in 12.8% higher for November, 71.4% higher for December, and 17.7% higher for January. The data showed that 19.1% of Calif WC claims reported since January 2020 were COVID claims, while in the 3 months ending in January, COVID claims accounted for a much higher proportion of the Calif claims: 29.6% in November; 53.0% in December; and 37.6% in January. CWCI’s App had data on more than 1.2 million claims from the baseline and pandemic periods, including the nearly 130,000 COVID-19 claims reported since last March – 700 of which were death claims. Executive Briefing (2/26/21) (members only) CWCI Examines the Surge in NSAID Payments. NSAIDs are now the #1 drug group in workers’ comp and also rank first in terms of their share of the total drug spend. But CWCI’s prescription drug app shows that while NSAIDs have accounted for about 1/3 of all prescriptions since 2018, their share of total drug payments has only ranged from 14.2% – 23.5%. The main reason for that gap is found in the CWCI Rx Drug App’s list of commonly dispensed NSAIDs, which shows that in 2020, ibuprofen & naproxen, two relatively cheap drugs, accounted for 2/3 of all NSAIDs prescribed in Calif WC, (ibuprofen accounted for 42.9% and naproxen 24.2%). Yet NSAIDs’ share of the total drug spend has surged by 9.3 percentage points (a relative increase of 65.4%) in less than 2 years. CWCI data traces much of that growth in NSAID payments to fenoprofen calcium (brand names Nalfon, Fenortho), used to treat pain and arthritis. This drug first appeared in CWCI’s IRIS data in 2014, but only in nominal amounts, accounting for 0.3% of NSAID scripts and 0.6% of NSAID payments that year. By 2017, there were no records of this drug in the IRIS data, but in 2018, when the formulary took effect, it began to reappear. The formulary lists fenoprofen calcium as an Exempt drug, (not subject to prospective UR), and it is not listed in the national Medicaid database so there is no Federal Upper Limit (FUL), which would serve as a price control for it in the pharmacy fee schedule (drugs without an FUL are paid at 83% of the avg wholesale price (AWP) set by the drug manufacturer). Generics provide no relief, as pricing data from several fenoprofen manufacturers shows their AWP for generic versions of the drug are higher than the AWP for the brand drug. The combined effect of the exempt status of this drug and the lack of an FUL is that fenoprofen calcium’s share of NSAID payments soared from 0.6% in 2014 to 11.6% in 2018; to 24.2% in 2019; and to 25.2% in the first half of 2020, when it surpassed Naproxen as the #1 NSAID in terms of total payments. The latest data also show fenoprofen calcium’s share of NSAID prescriptions has increased, but remains low, increasing from 0.5% in 2018 to 0.8% in 2018 and to 1.0% in 2020, so the key factor behind the dramatic growth in payments for this drug is the sharp increase in the avg payment/script, which rose from $171 in 2014 to $201 in 2016; to $886 in 2018; to $1,252 in 2019; and to $1,479 in the first half of 2020 – up 765% in 5-1/2 years. Executive Briefing (2/26/21) (members only) Year-End Surge in COVID Claims. CWCI’s COVID-19/Non-COVID-19 Interactive Data App updated with data on more than 1.3 million claims from AY 2019 and AY 2020 reported to the DWC as of 1/25/21 showed there had been 103,712 COVID-19 claims reported for AY 2020, and nearly 1/3 of those (32,549) had December injury dates, reflecting the huge wave of coronavirus cases that hit the state at the end of the year. These early figures showed COVID-19 claims accounted for more than half (50.8%) of all claims with December injury dates – up sharply from 29.3% in November – the previous high-water mark for the year. CWCI projected that the ultimate COVID-19 claim count for December would be 43,290 claims, while the projected COVID claim count for all of AY 2020 was 117,989, or 18.1% of all claims projected for the year. The 1/25/21 count showed overall claim volume in 2020 fell 10.8% from 2019 – not surprising given the decline in the state’s workforce and the high number of workers working remotely — but if the projected claim volume is used, the overall claim count for 2020 was only 5.2% below the 2019 level. The year-end numbers were still green, but the November/December surge in COVID-19 claims pushed the overall WC claim volume for Q4 2020 to 166,587 claims, which was 3.2% higher than the 161,478 claims recorded in Q4 2019. Executive Briefing (1/27/21) (members only) News Release (1/27/21) (public) CWCI Reviews NAIC Report on WC Insurer Profitability. Data from the National Association of Insurance Commissioners shows that California workers comp insurers had a 13.7% return on net worth in 2019, down from the 10-year high of 14.3% in 2018. The NAIC also reports California workers’ comp insurers return on net worth over the past decade averaged 8.0% compared to an 8.2% return for workers’ comp insurers nationwide. Bulletin (1/22/21) (members only) Claims Monitoring, Regional Scorecard, And Pharmaceutical Applications Updated Through June 2020. CWCI announced the completion of the latest updates to three of our interactive data applications (the Claims Monitoring, Regional Scorecard, and Prescription Drug tools). Institute members who log onto our website (www.cwci.org) can access each of these updated apps, as well as our recently revised inpatient hospitalization tool and the COVID-19/Non-COVID-19 Claim tool, from the drop-down menu under the Research tab on our home page. The applications provide Institute members with online access to detailed data to examine and compare industry data on key metrics within their specified areas. All three of the updated apps also have an on-line tutorial to guide users. Executive Memo (1/19/21) (members only) COVID Update as of January 11. CWCI’s analysis of claims reported to the DWC as of January 11 showed that the number of California workers’ comp COVID-19 claims more than tripled between October and November, then jumped another 64.2% to a record 23,483 claims in December, with a new projection showing that the December total could climb to 37,573 cases once claims that are yet to be filed or still under investigation are added to the tally. The update showed that after falling to a 6-month low in September, monthly COVID-19 claim counts began trending up in October as the fall wave of coronavirus cases hit the state. Although not all November and December claims had been reported, the initial data from those months showed that as of the January 11, the DWC had recorded 14,298 COVID-19 claims with November injury dates, and a record 23,483 COVID-19 claims from December, a year-end surge that pushed the number of COVID-19 claims reported to the DWC for AY 2020 to 93,470, which is 15.7% of all 2020 claims reported to the state, though with the recent spike, that proportion rose to 28.7% of all work injury claims reported for November and 47.4% of all claims reported for December. The AY 2020 COVID-19 claim count included 464 death claims — up 21.7% from the 381 death claims reported as of December 28 – so COVID-19 death claims accounted for nearly half (48.0%) of the 966 work-related death claims recorded by the state for AY 2020. Bulletin (1/13/21) (members only) News Release (1/13/21) (public) Prescription Drug Interactive Tool. An online application that can be used to examine and compare industrywide prescription drug data derived from prescriptions dispensed to injured workers between January 2007 and June 2020. This tool can be used to view statewide or regional prescription drug data either for all claims or for just indemnity claims, for open and/or closed claims; for specific drug groups; by opioid drug name; for generic and/or brand drugs; for specific industries; and for specific accident years or service years. Interactive App Update (1/12/21) (public) IRIS Regional Scorecard Interactive Tool. An interactive application based on updated IRIS data on AY 2008 through June 2020 claims from 8 different regions of the state that can be used to compare regional results to statewide data on key metrics, compare results between specific regions, and identify regional and statewide trends that have developed. Interactive App Update (1/12/21) (public) CWCI Claims Monitoring Interactive Tool. An interactive application that shows average paid indemnity and medical losses on claims from AY 2009 through June of AY 2020 at nine levels of development (with payments valued through June 2020). The tool provides results for indemnity claims or for all claims, allows data to be viewed for specific industries and regions, and segments the medical payment data into medical treatment, pharmacy & DME, medical-legal services & medical cost containment expenses. Interactive App Update (1/12/21) (public) Update on COVID Claims Data as Reported Through Dec. 28. The biweekly update to CWCI’s COVID-19/Non-COVID-19 Interactive Data App featuring data from 1,180,500 claims from AY 2019 and AY 2020, recorded by DWC’s Workers’ Compensation Information System (WCIS) as of December 28, 2020. That total included 68,467 COVID-19 claims reported through the first 11 months of 2020. As of December 28, WCIS had recorded 540,853 workers’ comp claims with January through November 2020 injury dates which, despite the addition of the COVID-19 claims, was down 15.4% from the 639,647 claims reported for the first 11 months of AY 2019, though only 10.4% less than the total claim count projected by the Institute after applying claim development factors to account for the reporting time lags on COVID-19 claims. Interactive App Update (1/7/21) (public) Executive Memo (1/7/21) (members only)
Statutory/Regulatory Posting Notice and FAQs On 2021 COVID-19 Supplemental Paid Time Off Requirements. Recently SB 95 adds LC §§248.2-248.3 to resurrect and expand upon the statewide COVID-19 Supplemental Paid Sick Leave requirement (AB 1867) that expired at the end of 2020. SB 95 mandates that public or private employers in California with more than 25 employees provide up to 80 hours of COVID-19 Supplemental Paid Sick Leave, subject to a maximum of $511 per day and a total of $5,110, with the liability for the sick leave payments retroactive to the beginning of this year, as the new law covers the first nine months of 2021 (January 1 through September 30). The law also requires employers to display a required poster that the Labor Commissioner issued on March 12, along with an FAQs page that addresses many of the questions employers may have, including coverage, allowable reasons for taking leave, the requirements for requesting leave from an employer, calculating the appropriate amount of leave, recordkeeping requirements, and enforcement. The new law took effect March 29. Executive Memo (3/24/21) (members only) Medical-Legal Fee Schedule. In late February, DWC finalized revisions to the MLFS regs and filed them w/the Office of Administrative Law (OAL) which is expected to submit them to the Secretary of State to take effect for services rendered on or after 4/1/21. Among the key changes:
The text of the final MLFS regs, as well as forum comments and the DWC responses and actions related to the comments are on the DWC website. CWCI conducted a free webinar in March to help members get up to speed on the MLFS changes, and also made it available on-demand. Executive Briefing (2/26/21) (members only) Executive Memo (3/2/21) (members only) CWCI Webinar on Changes to the Med-Legal Fee Schedule. CWCI announced a live, one-hour webinar would be held on Thursday, March 18 to introduce workers’ compensation professionals to changes to the MLFS that the Division of Workers’ Compensation announced had been filed with the Office of Administrative Law with a request to make them effective for services rendered on or after 4/1/21. The webinar, “Gearing Up for the New MLFS: A Guide for Workers’ Compensation Professionals,” will be presented by CWCI’s Claims and Medical Director Jackie Secia, Senior Research Associate Stacy Jones, and General Counsel Ellen Sims Langille. The speakers will cover the wide array of changes to the med-legal fee schedule, including the new flat fees, hourly billing rates, and record review fees that have been adopted; and will provide details on the rules pertaining to those fees, the prohibition of fees for certain supplemental reports, and the new page-count attestation requirements for those who submit records to evaluating physicians as well as evaluating physicians submitting bills for record review. News Release (3/2/21) (public) Annual Report of Inventory Due 4/1/21. DWC issued a Newsline in February reminding workers’ comp claims administrators that their Annual Report of Inventory (ARI) for CY 2020 claims is due April 1. The ARI must note the number of claims reported at each adjusting location in the prior year and must be completed and submitted to the DWC Audit Unit even if no claims were reported. An ARI is required for each adjusting location unless its requirement has been waived by DWC, in which case the claims administrator must file an annual report of adjusting locations which is also due April 1. Once filed, claims administrators have 45 days to report any changes in their ARI or annual report of adjusting location. The Audit Unit instructions on filing the ARI, which are on its website. Executive Briefing (2/26/21) (members only) Fed-OSHA Recommends Employers Cover COVID-19 Vaccination Costs. In his first week in office President Biden ordered Fed-OSHA to issue Revised Employer Guidance on COVID-19 Safety w/in 2 weeks, and on January 29, Fed-OSHA responded with revised guidelines that closely track with existing CDC guidelines calling for the following:
Fed-OSHA’s revised guidelines also call on employers to cover employee vaccinations for COVID-19, but to avoid distinguishing vaccinated workers from non-vaccinated workers. President Biden gave Fed-OSHA until March 15 to decide whether to create a temporary COVID-19 safety standard, which would likely be similar to the temporary standard already adopted by Cal-OSHA. Executive Briefing (2/26/21) (members only) COVID-19 Treatment Guideline. DWC scheduled a conference call public hearing for 2/18/21 to gather input on a proposed evidence-based update to the MTUS (CCR, Title 8, §9792.24.7) that incorporates by reference ACOEM’s 99-page guideline for treating COVID-19, published December 14, 2020. The guideline includes an analysis of the effectiveness of treating COVID-19 using 16 different substances including Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine; Remdesivir; Interferon Beta-lb; low-molecular weight Heparin; Zinc; and Vitamin D. The proposed update to the MTUS is exempt from LC §§5307.3 and 5307.4 and the rulemaking provisions of the APA, LC §5307.27 requires DWC to have a 30-day public comment period, hold a public hearing, respond to the comments received, and publish the order adopting the update online. Written comments were due by February 18. Executive Briefing (1/27/21) (members only) New Law Gives WC Insurers Access to Medicare Reimbursement Info. Insurers settling WC claims for older workers enrolled in certain Medicare plans should see fewer surprises as a new law will allow them to obtain info from CMS on expenses they have to reimburse. By law, WC insurers must reimburse Medicare for any expenses that Medicare covered that should have been part of an injured worker’s claim. Prior to the “Provide Accurate Information Directly” (“PAID”) Act,” signed by President Trump Dec. 11, privacy laws precluded Medicare from sharing beneficiary info with insurers so WC insurers had to rely on claimants to disclose whether they were enrolled in a Medicare plan. In many cases, health insurers who provided Medicare Advantage or Rx Drug Part D coverage would file for reimbursements after claims closed, and WC insurers had no way of knowing how much they had to reimburse. This led to lawsuits against insurers who had no way to determine if a claimant received Medicare benefits. The PAID Act simplifies the process as it requires CMS to disclose enrollee info to WC and liability insurers so they can work out coverage issues and avoid surprise liens or lawsuits filed months or years later, and the expense and hassle of having to reopen a claim that they thought was settled. Medicare has one year to update its technology portals to comply with the new law. Executive Briefing (1/27/21) (members only) Biden Orders Revised Employer Guidance on COVID-19 Safety. In late January President Biden signed an Executive Order calling on Fed OSHA to release revised guidance on COVID-19 safety for workers w/in two weeks and to consider whether the workforce needs an emergency temporary standard on COVID-19. The order calls for OSHA to issue a standard, which would come with fines for employers who violate the rules, by 3/15/21, if it is “determined to be necessary.” As of 1/11/21, Fed OSHA had issued $3.9M in COVID-related fines related to 300+ workplace inspections since the start of the pandemic, mainly citing violations of the general duty clause. The agency lacks an infectious disease standard, which has been in the works ever since the Swine Flu pandemic. Biden’s EO also calls on OSHA to review enforcement efforts related to COVID-19 and identify short- medium-, and long-term changes that could be made to better protect workers and ensure equity in enforcement; focus COVID-19-related enforcement efforts on violations that put the largest number of workers at serious risk or are contrary to anti-retaliation principles; and coordinate w/the Dept of Labor’s and all regional OSHA offices to create a multilingual outreach campaign that includes labor unions, community organizations and industries and “places a special emphasis on communities hit hardest by the pandemic.” Meanwhile, Calif employers were wrestling w/COVID safety requirements imposed by Cal-OSHA in its emergency temporary regs adopted 11/30/20, which took effect 1/1/21. Those regs require employers to take many steps to prevent workers from COVID-19 hazards, including communicating w/workers about COVID-19 prevention measures, evaluating and identifying hazards, providing PPE, training and instruction, investigating and responding to COVID-19 cases in the workplace, and reporting cases and keeping accurate records. The standards do not apply to hospitals, labs, and other workplaces that were already subject to the state’s aerosol transmissible disease regs. The state has a “Model COVID-19 Prevention Program” document that employers can use as a template to customize their COVID prevention program to the specifics of their business. CWCI issued an Exec Memo with details on 11/16/20 and DIR has posted fact sheets and its Model COVID-19 Prevention Program template on its website. Executive Briefing (1/27/21) (members only)
Legal CWCI Schedules Its 23rd Annual California Workers’ Compensation Case Law Seminar. CWCI’s annual case law seminar, the longest running program of its type in the industry will be held via live online video broadcast on May 18, 2021. The seminar provides the most comprehensive review of the last year in California workers’ compensation decisional law. The full-day program will review recent court decisions and provide insight into appropriate negotiation and defense strategies for claims personnel, attorneys, hearing reps, and other industry professionals. CWCI General Counsel Ellen Sims Langille will moderate this year’s program, which will again feature veteran defense attorneys Saul Allweiss and Richard Jacobsmeyer, as well as applicants’ attorney Elizabeth Hudson. Combined, these panelists will offer real-world, practical insight from both defense and applicant perspectives. In addition to providing updates on recent rulings, the speakers will identify issues related to statutory and regulatory changes, examine old case law to see what still applies and what does not, and offer attendees a fresh look at the impact of case law. Executive Memo (3/11/21) (members only) News Release (3/12/21) (public)
Other CWCI Med-Legal Fee Schedule Webinar And 2021 Annual Meeting Available Online. In early March, CWCI presented our 57th Annual Meeting and our 1-hour training program on the new Med-Legal Fee Schedule as virtual events. Both programs were recorded and the Institute is now pleased to offer them as free, on-demand webinars to our members who were unable to attend or who would like to view them again. Executive Memo (3/23/21) (members only) Legal Committee Meeting Minutes. The Feb. 11 meeting was held via Zoom. Ms. Langille noted that the joint amicus brief filed by CWCI and CalChamber in Applied Materials v. WCAB (Chadburn) on 10/26/20 was the end of the briefing in the case. Oral argument is pending. CWCI will offer the two defense attorneys a moot court session, staffed by Legal Committee volunteers. Other case law updates: in Vasquez v. Jan-Pro: Dynamex, the state Supreme Court confirmed the retroactive nature of the ABC test announced in Dynamex. Because Dynamex did not overrule a prior Supreme Court decision or disapprove a prior Court of Appeal decision, the established general principle affirming retroactive application of judicial decisions interpreting legislative measures supported retroactive application. In a Significant Panel Decision, the WCAB remanded the case in Gao v. Chevron to provide applicant the opportunity to be heard prior to the ruling. The WCAB offered guidance to the WCJ on remand by identifying a default position that during the pandemic trials should proceed remotely in the absence of a clear reason why continuance is required. A party seeking continuance bears the burden to demonstrate that necessity. No new cases have been submitted for amicus consideration by the Committee, but CWCI is tracking one CAAA is considering. Mr. Allweiss noted CalChamber has not proceeded with any new amicus briefings, as it is busy with OSHA regs and COVID issues. Regulatory updates: February public hearing on the ACOEM Clinical Practice Guideline for COVID-19 was canceled due to additional edits: DWC planned to request re-adoption of emergency regs on M-L reports and electronic transmissions that would extend them until 10/8/21; there had been no new activity on the MLFS since the Comment Period closed December 15; decisions in two lawsuits over Cal-OSHA COVID-19 regs adopted in late 2020 were pending; and SEIU plans to refile a suit over Prop. 22. Ms. Langille reviewed pending legislation: AB 2 (regulatory reform); AB 399 (MPN / IBR); AB 404 (MLFS); and SB 213 (presumption of compensability for hospital workers). Several members reported on presentations from CAAA’s Winter Convention; it was noted that Pres. Trump pardoned the owner of Pacific Hospital of Long Beach, convicted in the WC spinal surgery kickback scheme; an update on COVID-19 claims was provided, and there was a review of the walkthrough calendar process at WCAB offices. Meeting Minutes (2/21/21) (members only) Oregon DCBS WC Premium Rankings. The State of Oregon Dept. of Consumer and Business Services’ (DCBS) released its annual WC Premium Rate Rankings based on premium rates that were in effect in all 50 states and the District of Columbia as of 1/1/20. Premium rates within each jurisdiction vary dramatically based on the mix of risk classifications within each jurisdiction’s economy. The Oregon study controls for these differences by using NCCI classification codes to look at premium rates as if each state had the same mix of risks. Of approximately 430 active classes in Oregon, the DCBS selected 50 based on relative importance as measured by share of losses in Oregon. To control for differences in industry distributions, each jurisdiction’s rates were weighted by 2014-2016 Oregon payroll to obtain an average manual rate for that state. The study is often cited as it offers the only rate comparison for all 51 jurisdictions that controls for difference in hazard mix. According to the study, Calif’s 2020 WC premium index rate was 2.14, 4th highest in the U.S., which was 150% of the nationwide median, and ranked fourth highest behind New Jersey, New York, and Vermont. Executive Briefing (1/27/21) (members only) CWCI 2021 Annual Meeting Reminder. CWCI’s 57th Annual Mtg was slated to be presented virtually on March 11 beginning at 8:30 a.m. (Pacific). The theme is “One Year Later,” and the meeting was free to CWCI members, but preregistration is required. The agenda and registration info were emailed to members and posted in the Seminar section of our website. Executive Briefing (1/27/21) (members only) News Release (1/28/21) (public) CWCI Announces Passing of Former General Counsel Mike McClain. CWCI announced that Mike McClain, who served as the Institute’s General Counsel from 1995 to 2016, passed away in early January. Mike was well known and highly regarded in the industry and served as both an applicant’s attorney and a defense attorney before joining the Institute. He is survived by his wife Kathleen. News Release (1/11/21) (public) CWCI Quarterly Summary. Quarterly listings of all CWCI publications, including publication dates, brief summaries of each topic and the various formats in which the information is available (e.g., research report, Bulletin, Executive Briefing, news release), so users can choose the level of detail they want to view. Listings include live links so users can click into the CWCI website to access specific documents quickly and easily. |